Weekly History Quiz No.245

Hurley was the photographer for Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, Mawson and Shackleton’s Antarctic expeditions, as well as an official Australian photographer during both the First and Second World Wars.

Beginning just a year later in 1775, the American Revolution quickly turned into a full-scale war that lasted until 1783, eventually leading to the USA achieving independence. Four or five frigates were absolutely not enough to “do the business”. Read about other terrible historical predictions here.

Luther's Ninety-five Theses were also known as ‘Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences’. Indulgences were certificates sold by the Church to reduce the buyer’s punishment in purgatory. Luther argued that indulgences led Christians to avoid true repentance and sorrow for sin, believing that they could forgo it by purchasing an indulgence. The Church derived significant income from the sale of indulgences and strongly opposed Luther’s views, eventually excommunicating him at the 1521 Diet of Worms.

During the Egyptian Middle Kingdom (c. 2040-1640 BCE), Egypt began expanding into Nubian territory to the south, in order to control trade routes, and to build a series of forts along the Nile.

The goldfinch was a popular pet at the time, and could be taught simple tricks. The Goldfinch is unusual for the Dutch Golden Age painting period in the simplicity of its composition and use of illusionary techniques.

In his work Geographia, written in the second century CE, Ptolemy revolutionized geography and cartography. He outlined a coordinate system of latitude and longitude for accurate navigation, mapped thousands of areas with their corresponding coordinates, and was the first to use perspective projection to display the globe effectively on a two-dimensional surface. Read more about this here.

The White House – 1800

The Crystal Palace – 1851

Guggenheim Museum – 1959

Sydney Opera House – 1973

From 1807 to 1811, Napoleonic French forces invaded Portugal three times. During the invasion of Portugal (1807), the Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil, establishing Rio de Janeiro as the de facto capital of Portugal. From Brazil, the Portuguese king João VI ruled his trans-Atlantic empire for 13 years, absent from the normal capital, Lisbon.

The weekly show presented traditional American minstrel and country songs, often presented with cast members in blackface. It almost immediately received criticism for its racist premise and content. A stage show based on the TV show toured until 1989.

A Roman and Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher, Galen is considered to be one of the most accomplished medical writers of the Roman Empire.